Iraq or its capital of Baghdad was not accustomed to “freedom”

â€Å"For, in truth, there is no certain method of holding by some other means than devastating, and whoever becomes ace of a City familiar with live in opportunity and doesn't decimate it, might figure on being pulverized by it† (Machiavelli: 11).â â€Å"Hence we may gain proficiency with the exercise that on holding onto an express, the usurper should make flurry to dispense what wounds he should, at a stroke, that he might not need to reestablish them every day, except be capable by their cessation to console men’s minds, and thereafter prevail upon them by benefits†Ã¢ (23). While it can scarcely be contended that Iraq or its capital of Baghdad, which mirrors the divisions of Iraq, was acquainted with â€Å"freedom† before the American intrusion, it at any rate delighted in opportunity from outside occupation.â The above statement is pertinent to the American involvement with Iraq on the grounds that, as per the inability to demolish the adversary in the initial phases of the war, the American strategic in genuine danger of being devastated by that very foe, years subsequent to taking ostensible â€Å"control† over Iraq. An inability to appease anxious Sunni habitats, for example, Fallujah, Ramadi, and Mosul during or following the underlying attack, an inability to â€Å"destroy† in Machiavelli’s speech, left the American occupation armed forces among its foes instead of triumphant over them.â This carelessness, and the readiness to sidestep focuses of opposition on the drive to Baghdad as opposed to repress them, drove straightforwardly to the following phase of disappointment, and the following bit of applicable exhortation from The Prince. â€Å"If, be that as it may, the recently obtained City or Province has been acclimated with live under a Prince, and his line is doused, it will be unimaginable for the residents, utilized, from one perspective, to comply, and denied, on the other, of their old ruler, to consent to pick a pioneer from among themselves†Ã¢ (11-12). The Prince in this situation, obviously, is Saddam Hussein; Hussein’s â€Å"line† was both natural, as his children Uday and Qusay, and political, as the severe and splendidly composed Ba’ath Party.â The United States eagerly demolished the heart, cerebrum, and operational hub of the Iraqi state and accompanied no functional arrangement to supplant them.â It ought to scarcely have come as any amazement, remembering the entirety of this, that the Iraqi individuals have been not able to go to any kind of accord on what structure their new government ought to take.â The whole bet of the Iraq War, from the point of view of the Bush organization, relied on the expectation that Machiavelli wasn't right, the expectation that residents denied of a ground-breaking ruler would have the option to quietly pick another pioneer from among themselves. A further disappointment of the American endeavor in Iraq has been the powerlessness to impart a feeling of unwaveringness for the new Iraqi government and armed force among a minimum amount of the Iraqi people.â Loyalty ought not be taken to suggest love, yet only regard and deference.â Employing verifiably severe strategies, Saddam Hussein accumulated a specific feeling of â€Å"loyalty† from the Iraqi people.â The new Iraq government, be that as it may, isn't perceived by most Iraqis as the real or equipped portrayal of the Iraqi state; rather, a large number of volunteer armies and radical gatherings order definitely more dedication in the city than do the national organizations supported and upheld by the United States. The main guideline of any administration, majority rule or not, is the standard of â€Å"one gun†.â at the end of the day, the state must be seen to be the main genuine boss of violence.â That is most quite not the situation in post-attack Iraq.â As Machiavelli composed, â€Å"a insightful Prince should devise implies whereby his subjects may consistently, regardless of whether ideal or antagonistic, feel the need of the State and of him, and afterward they will consistently be devoted to him†Ã¢ (26). The authenticity and the backbone of the Iraqi government is the most significant factor of the American strategic Iraq, since the rise of a transparently hostile to American government would break up any hypothetical profit by the first invasion.â The difficulty is that a self-propagating cycle is grinding away; the Iraqi government likely can't get by without American military insurance, yet that very assurance guarantees that the Iraqi government will never be really genuine according to its citizens.â â€Å"Mercenaries and helpers are on the double pointless and hazardous, and he who holds his State by methods for hired soldier troops can never be determinedly or safely seated†Ã¢ (31). In a nation as partitioned by tribe and ethnicity and strict faction as Iraq seems to be, an attacking armed force must have a strong examination of what bunches it must include as partners so as to viably administer the country.â Several of the choices taken by the American proconsul, Jerry Bremer, suggest that this evaluation was either never made or was frightfully screwed up.  Two such choices come to mind.â Firstly, the Iraqi armed force was disbanded and its troopers and officials were sent home with no method of supporting their families however with their weapons.â Secondly, the Ba’ath Party was broken up, and a monstrous extent of its individuals were avoided from significant interest in the new Iraq. Because of the idea of the Iraqi military, particularly its official corps, and the Ba’ath party, these choices successfully made adversaries of the Sunni minority in Iraq, which incorporated the most militarily capable, technocratic, instructed, mainstream, and Western-situated components of the society.â The very Iraqis, as it were, who could bring either the best mischief or the best guide to the American occupation.â â€Å"As Princes can't evade being loathed by a few, they should, in any case, attempt not to be abhorred by a class; flopping in which, they should do everything they can to get away from the disdain of that class which is the stronger†Ã¢ (51). In the wake of excusing the Iraqi armed force, and along these lines mortifying an enormous part of the populace, it became clear that the American occupation would never prevail without an Iraqi armed force, as there were not about enough American troopers to assuage Iraq.â The Americans thusly started preparing and furnishing another Iraqi armed force, yet the harm had been done.â By excusing the closest thing to a genuinely â€Å"national† establishment in Ba’athist Iraq, the Americans demonstrated their doubt of the Iraqi people.â It was in this manner unavoidable that the new, American-upheld Iraqi armed force would be spoiled as occupation teammates by the populace and once in a while as radical associates by the Americans. Most specialists currently point to the choice to disband the Iraqi armed force without pay and with weapons was the single greatest screw up that the United States settled on in Iraq.â This single choice right away made an immense class of embarrassed, devastated, inert, and outfitted youngsters, which basically ensured the rise of an insurgency.â â€Å"By incapacitating, you on the double supplier offense, since you show your subjects that you doubt them, either as questioning their fortitude, or as questioning their devotion, every one of which ascriptions brings forth contempt against you†Ã¢ (56). It appears to be unbelievable now, yet it is critical to take note of that there was no insurrection in the early months of the American occupation; it appears to be since the Iraqi individuals were allowing the Americans to clarify their actual thought processes and intentions.â One miracles what may have happened had the Iraqi armed force been called upon by the American armed force to consolidate in revamping and making sure about Iraq, an objective that the two gatherings shared.â One marvels what may have happened had a large number of mid-level Ba’athist technocrats been permitted to keep their employments, for example, running electrical frameworks, emergency clinics, and water cleansing plants.â One ponders undoubtedly. The above statements and models are for the most part varieties of one binding together topic; the American mistakes in Iraq have been driven by an inability to perceive its common partners, to acquire the development of normal adversaries, and to win the trust and faithfulness of the neighborhood population.â Each of these necessities was enunciated in The Prince, and one marvels if George W. Bramble and Donald Rumsfeld ever perused the book. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo.â The Prince.â New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1992.

3D Printing for Stereolithography and Fused Deposit Modelling

Question: Examine about the3D Printing for Stereolithography and Fused Deposit Modeling. Answer: Presentation 3D printing alludes to all the methodology where the materials are set or gotten together with the control of PC frameworks for the effective making of any three dimensional or 3D objects, with all the materials that are being included (Espalin et al. 2014). The articles in the 3D printing could be of a particular geometry or shapes and are in the long run created with the assistance of a 3D model or some other electronic information sources like AMF or Additive Manufacturing File. There are a few advancements, for example, DTL or stereolithography and FDM or melded store displaying. Thus, not at all like the expelled material from the stock inside the procedure of regular machining, the innovation or added substance assembling or 3D printing is liable for building and developing the three dimensional article from the CAD model or PC helped plan and any AMF document by appropriately including the materials in a steady progression (Compton and Lewis 2014). The accompanying report gives a concise conversation on the whole idea of 3D printing. The report features different huge highlights of it with applicable subtleties. The best possible and the noteworthy clarification of this specific innovation will be in the long run given here. Besides, the total working rule of the 3D printing will likewise be clarified here. Definition/Explanation of 3D Printing 3D printing or the added substance fabricating is the critical methodology by which 3D or three dimensional strong items are produced using a particular advanced record. The total production of the 3D printed article can be exclusively accomplished with the assistance of a few added substance forms. Inside any added substance process, the item could be made by just setting out the different progressive material layers until this article is being made (Barnatt 2013). Every one of each progressive material layer could be seen as finely cut flat cross area of that specific item. It helps in the creation of complex shapes by using less materials than the customary strategy for assembling. 3D printing alludes to the method, which helps in saving any fastener material into the powder bed with the assistance of leaders of an inkjet printer one layer after another. It is used in the expansive assortment of AM procedures. There is a critical contrast between added substance assembling and 3D printing. The fundamental reason for the added substance fabricating is the accomplishing of large scale manufacturing; while in 3D printing it is quick prototyping. The procedures where all materials are gotten together with PC frameworks for effectively making a three dimensional article is known as 3D printing. The instances of these materials primarily incorporate powder grains or fluid particles when combined. The use of 3D printing is for the most part in the added substance assembling or AM and fast prototyping (Campbell and Ivanova 2013). The articles in the 3D printing could be of a particular geometry or shapes and are in the long run delivered with the assistance of a 3D model or some other electronic information sources like AMF or Additive Manufacturing File. 3D printing is considered as one of the most progressive just as improved innovation in todays world. It was first evolved in the time of 1984. It in the end includes different critical points of interest or advantages. These favorable circumstances have made the whole idea of 3D printing very famous and all around acknowledged by all clients. The most huge preferences of 3D printing principally incorporate rapid, single step fabricate, cost adequacy, absence of multifaceted nature and simple hazard alleviation. It is incredibly quick and this makes it amazingly well known and favorable than all the conventional assembling strategies (Espalin et al. 2014). In addition, the inclusion of a few stages is alleviated and the whole procedure could be executed with one stage as it were. It is very financially savvy and in this way could be managed by all. The machine activity costs, materials cost and the work costs are significantly less than the customary assembling. Moreover, the structu re is exceptionally easy to make and consequently multifaceted nature is missing here. 3D printing is even used for altering every single thing and apparatuses and molds are not required for this reason. Because of the lower fixed costs, it is effectively satisfactory by all. The wastage is less and the speed of prototyping is significantly more than the customary added substance producing. Despite having these huge focal points, there are a portion of the significant negative marks (Lipson and Kurman 2013). The most critical and significant disadvantages of 3D printing basically incorporate significant expenses for the bigger creation runs, restricted selection of materials, completes and hues, higher utilization of vitality, absence of ease of use, lower exactness and constrained perseverance and quality. 3D printing is used in any industry or business. The absolute most significant divisions where this innovation is utilized for the favored prototyping of technique for assembling are as per the following: I) Car Manufacturers ii) Doctors Dental specialists iv) Prosthetics v) Aircraft Manufacturers vi) Aerospace Companies Prop Makers Item Designers ix) Architects x) Students xi) Design Entrepreneurs Specialists Automaton Enthusiasts Shoe Manufacturers xv) Consumer Product Makers. These previously mentioned ventures or divisions are the most significant segments for using 3D imprinting in their business (Campbell and Ivanova 2013). Be that as it may, aside from these referenced enterprises, scarcely any more part likewise utilize 3D imprinting in their business. The 3D printable models could be made with the assistance of a CAD or PC supported structure through any 3D scanner or with the assistance of a photogrammetry programming or straightforward computerized camera. These 3D models are exclusively made with the CAD brings about the decrease of blunder and in this way could be made precise before printing and permitting confirmation inside the article configuration before printing. Activity of 3D Printing The 3D printing has an exceptional working standard. The means are given underneath: Stage 1: It starts with the fruitful formation of the 3D model in the framework. The computerized plan is the example of a CAD record. It tends to be made either with a 3D scanner or 3D demonstrating programming. This is the first and the premier advance in 3D printing (Compton and Lewis 2014). In this specific advance, the product inevitably gives a portion of the significant indications in regards to the basic trustworthiness that is normal from the finished result. This is finished with the assistance of logical information about the different materials, utilized for making virtual recreations. These normal recreations are about the conduct of the item under different conditions. Stage 2: The CAD attracting is then changed over to the Standard Tessellation Language or STL design. Most extreme 3D printers use STL records with a portion of the exclusive sorts of documents like ObjDF by Objet Geometrics and XPR by Z Corporation. Stage 3: The third step in this procedure is the moving to the Additive Manufacturing Machine and the Manipulation of the STL record (Espalin et al. 2014). This is again one of the most significant advance as this exchange is done effectively and speedily. Stage 4: The fourth step is the setting up of machine. All the machines have their own prerequisites like polymer topping off, convenience of consumables and covers. Stage 5: The subsequent stage is the structure of the machine. The strategy of working of the machine is totally programmed and all the layers are about 0.1 mm thick. Stage 6: The 6th significant advance subsequent to working during the time spent 3D printing is the expulsion of printed objects (Lipson and Kurman 2013). Different insurances are to be taken for staying away from wounds in this specific advance. Stage 7: Post preparing is the seventh step of 3D printing after evacuation of printed objects. The getting over the additional powder and washing of the printed object for expelling water solvent backings are the fundamental sorts of post preparing. Stage 8: The last advance in the method of 3D printing is the appropriate utilization of the newly printed objects. References Barnatt, C., 2013.3D printing: the following modern upset. Nottingham: ExplainingTheFuture. com. Campbell, T.A. what's more, Ivanova, O.S., 2013. 3D printing of multifunctional nanocomposites.Nano Today,8(2), pp.119-120. Compton, B.G. what's more, Lewis, J.A., 2014. 3D?printing of lightweight cell composites.Advanced materials,26(34), pp.5930-5935. Espalin, D., Muse, D.W., MacDonald, E. what's more, Wicker, R.B., 2014. 3D Printing multifunctionality: structures with electronics.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,72(5-8), pp.963-978. Lipson, H. what's more, Kurman, M., 2013.Fabricated: The new universe of 3D printing. John Wiley Sons.

English Local Government Example

English Local Government Example English Local Government â€" Essay Example > The spread of democratic ideas and subsequently ideals, and the emergence of a global system of economy and politics because of complex interdependence have contributed to the resurgence of the local government. One of the major forms of decentralization in the twentieth century has been the break up of empires and colonies into nation- states, the most recent example being the break up of the Soviet Union and the separation of Kosovo from Serbia. The pressure for pursuing and adopting democracy as a political ideology and system has led to a new emphasis on local governance below the level of the nation- state. The rise of the global political economy has provided localities with another alternative to the traditional national capitals that have existed for quite some time now. According to Teune, although the patterns of local governance have similar features of provincial and local governments, the push for democracy will give local politics a greater role in the issues of peac e and prosperity than has been true during the long recent period of the rise in authority of nation- states. Local governments and domestic politics have become focal points of current day democratic political development. The two primary reasons for this are: firstly, the beginnings of a second democratic revolution that is solely based on participation, and secondly, the emergence of a global political economy that defines local conditions for peace and prosperity. The former requires local self determination rather than top- bottom direction whereas the latter frees localities from national governments by providing alternatives for resources and support; the new sources being other countries or international agencies. The question and perhaps the existence of local democracies have become crucial in the newly established democracies, whose shaky and rather weak national democratic institutions are based on weak traditions of local autonomy. Many former Communist countries of c entral and Eastern Europe and Central Asia are in the complex processes of just establishing democratic institutions. However, what are lacking in these countries are structures of civic societies- private associations, political parties, and interest groups which, in most of the cases were destroyed by totalitarian political regimes. Other parts of the world are also under global pressures to become more democratic by altering the course of their efforts of the past decades to develop politically by building stronger states and effective, rational national policies for economic growth and welfare for the poor. Moreover, there is a new democratically established Latin America, democratically elected governments are being established in southern Africa, and several former authoritarian countries in Asia are taking effective steps from the top down to become more democratic. In addition, heavy welfare states in Northern Europe have been forced to reduce the economic role of central g overnments in order to participate in newer European political institutions. In the United States, the debate over federalism and the role of the government has again gained substantial momentum in the political agenda. However, throughout the last two decades, Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland had gained notoriety as one of the most centralized nation- state societies in Europe. Shortly after New Labor’s landslide leap to power in 1997, this unitary but multinational state was granted with a comprehensive program of constitutional ‘modernization’ consisting of an elected Parliament for Scotland, a National Assembly for Wales, an Assembly for Northern Ireland, an elected Assembly and Mayor for London, along with Regional Development Agencies for the eight English regions (MacLeod). In becoming more decentralized and when it comes to local and regional politics, the big question arises whether or not the local and regional media exercise powe r without any responsibility.

Heres What You Need to Know About Lesson Plans

A lesson plan is a detailed step-by-step guide that outlines the teachers objectives for what the students will accomplish during the course of the lesson and how they will learn it. Creating a lesson plan involves setting goals, developing activities, and determining the materials that you will use. All good lesson plans contain specific  components  or steps, and all essentially derive from the seven-step method developed by Madeline Hunter, a UCLA professor and education author. The Hunter Method, as it came to be called, includes these elements: objective/purpose, anticipatory set, input modeling/modeled practice, check for understanding, guided practice, independent practice, and closure. Regardless of the grade level you teach, Hunters model has been adopted and used in various forms for decades by teachers across the nation and at every grade level. Follow the steps in this method, and youll have a classic lesson plan that will be effective at any grade level. It doesnt have to be a rigid formula; consider it a general guideline that will help any teacher cover the necessary parts of a successful lesson. Objective/Purpose Students learn best when they know what they are expected learn and why, says the  U.S. Department of Education. The agency uses an eight-step version of Hunters lesson plan, and its detailed explanations are well worth reading. The agency notes: The purpose or objective of the lesson includes why students need to learn the objective, what they will be able to do once they have met the criterion, (and) how they will demonstrate learning....The formula for the behavioral objective is: The learner will do what with what how well.   For example, a high school history lesson might focus on  first-century Rome, so the teacher would explain to students that they are expected to learn the salient facts about the empires government, its population, daily life, and culture. Anticipatory Set The anticipatory set involves the teacher working to get students excited about the upcoming lesson. For that reason, some lesson plan formats actually put this step first. Creating an anticipatory set means doing something that creates a sense of anticipation and expectancy in the students, says Leslie Owen Wilson, Ed.D. in The Second Principle. This can include an activity, a game, a focused discussion, viewing a film or video clip, a field trip, or reflective exercise. For example, for a second-grade lesson on animals, the class might take a field trip to a local zoo or watch a nature video. By contrast, in a high school class getting ready to study  William Shakespeares play,  Romeo  and Juliet, students might write a short, reflective essay on a love they lost, such as a former boyfriend or girlfriend. Input Modeling/Modeled Practice This step—sometimes called  direct instruction— takes place when the educator actually teaches the lesson. In a high school algebra class, for example, you might write an appropriate math problem on the board, and then show how to solve the problem in a relaxed, leisurely pace. If its a first-grade lesson on important sight words to know, you might write the words on the board and explain what each word means. This step should be very visual, as the DOE explains: It is important for the students to see what they are learning. It helps them when the teacher demonstrates what is to be learned. Modeled practice, which some lesson plan templates list as a separate step, involves walking the students through a math problem or two as a class. You might write a problem on the board and then call on students to help you solve it, as they also write the problem, the steps to solve it, and then the answer. Similarly, you might have first-grade students copy the sight words as you spell each out verbally as a class. Check for Understanding You need to make sure students understand what you have taught. One easy way to do this is to ask questions. If youre teaching a lesson on simple geometry to seventh-graders,  have students practice with the information you just taught, says the  ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development). And, be sure to guide the learning. If students dont seem to grasp the concepts youve just taught, stop and review. For the seventh-graders learning geometry, you may need  to repeat the previous step by showing more geometry problems—and how to solve them—on the board. Guided and  Independent Practice   If youre feeling like the lesson plan involves a lot of guidance, youre right. At the heart, thats what teachers do. Guided practice provides  each student a chance to demonstrate her  grasp of new learning by working through an activity or exercise under the teacher’s direct supervision. During this step, you might move around the room to determine your students level of mastery and provide individual help as needed. You may need to pause to show students how to successfully work through problems if they are still struggling. Independent practice, by contrast,  can include homework or seatwork assignments, which you give to the students to complete successfully without the need for supervision or intervention. Closure In this important step, the teacher wraps things up. Think of this phase as a concluding section in an essay. Just as a writer wouldnt leave her readers dangling without a conclusion, so too, the teacher should review all key points of the lesson. Go over any areas where students might still be struggling. And, always, asked focused questions: If students can answer specific questions about the lesson, they likely have learned the material. If not, you may need to revisit the lesson tomorrow. Tips and Hints Always gather all needed supplies ahead of time, and have them ready and available at the front of the room. If youll be conducting a high school math lesson and all students will need are their textbooks, lined paper, and calculators, that makes your job easier. Do have extra pencils, textbooks, calculators, and paper available, though, in case any students have forgotten these items. If youre conducting a science experiment lesson, make sure you have all of the ingredients needed so that all students can complete the experiment. You dont want to give a science lesson on  creating a volcano  and find out once students are gathered and ready that youve forgotten a key ingredient like baking soda. To ease your job in creating a lesson plan, use a  template. The basic lesson plan format has been around for decades, so theres no need to start from scratch. Once you figure out what kind of  lesson plan  you will be writing, then you can determine the best way to use the format to fit your needs.

Alfred Kinsey and William Masters and Virginia Johnson...

The scientific method and rules of ethics are important tools when researching and experimenting. When researchers abide by these guidelines, experimentation is considered to be safe for the test subjects, as well as the person conducting the research is considered reputable. Experiments go awry, however, when researchers ignore the scientific method and rules of ethics. The experiments of Alfred Kinsey and the scientific team of William Masters and Virginia Johnson have been criticized for their methods of research and sense of ethics. Both scientific teams researched human sexuality, a topic in which is perpetually scrutinized. Kinsey and Masters and Johnson were not always ethical in their studies, and did not always follow the†¦show more content†¦The ethical standings of Kinsey have been examined numerous times, for the subject matter alone is open for scrutiny. The first rule of ethics states that the participants of scientific research must provide informed consent. A ll of the almost 12,000 participants of Kinsey’s surveys gave their consent (Griffitt and Hatfield). The next rule of ethics is voluntary participation of the test subjects. All participants in Kinsey’s surveys voluntarily agreed to participate (Griffitt and Hatfield). The problem, however, was when Kinsey used data collected from home videos he made in his attic or when he tested the sexuality of children (Keith). Many of the children in these experiments were sexually assaulted by an adult, which is not a consented act, yet Kinsey used the data to help prove his theories (Keith). The third rule of ethics is restricting the use of deception and debriefing the participants at the end of the experiment. The participants in Kinsey’s research were not deceived when they were answering his surveys, which did not require deception or debriefing (Griffitt and Hatfield). Confidentiality is the next rule of ethics, and Kinsey never disclosed the identities of the parti cipants (Griffitt and Hatfield). The final rule of

Native American and African before the Europeans Free Essays

According to Kennewick Man in his article that â€Å"for NAGPRA and other related legal purposes, the federal government defines native Americans as any tribe, people, or culture that resided in the territory of the United States before historic European contact and exploration. At present, there are more than 2,000,000 Native Americans in the United States, represented by 769 federally recognized tribes† (See K. Man, â€Å"Who are Native Americans?† Past concepts of Native Americans). We will write a custom essay sample on Native American and African before the Europeans or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia stated that â€Å"the term indigenous people of the America encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the first European explorers in the late 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical people (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). On the other hand, the National Museums Liverpool published in its website that â€Å"the people of West Africa had a rich and varied history and culture long before the Europeans slavers arrived. They had a wide variety of political arrangements which include kingdoms, city and other organizations, each with their own languages and culture† (See â€Å"Africa before European slavery†. National Museums Liverpool). Native Americans Even though cultural features included language, garb, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are shared by many of the indigenous people of the America (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Native America music of North America Indians is almost entirely monophonic but there not notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often includes drumming but little other instrumentation, although flutes are played by individuals. While the art of the indigenous people of Central Mexico and Central Americas comprises a major category in the world art collection. Their contributions are pottery, paintings, jewelry, weavings, sculptures, basketry, and carvings (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). *European Colonization* In wikipedia, its researched stated that â€Å"the European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the indigenous peoples of the continent. In 15th century up to 19th century, their populations were ravaged by the privations of displacement, by disease and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first indigenous group that was met by Columbus was about 250,000 in number which were the Arawaks of Hispaniola and this group was enslaved by them. These European people also brought illnesses against which the indigenous people of America had no immunity† (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).   According to David Ruvolo that â€Å"the history of America religion is dominated by the presence of Christianity brought to the New World by European settlers. Time had run out for the indigenous race that populated the continent of North America. Native Americans were faced with an enemy that was more advanced like with the Israelites of the sixth century B.C.E.† (See D. Ruvolo, â€Å"A Summary of Native American Religious†). *Africa before the European slavery* According to Olaudah Equiano on his autobiography which he wrote in 1789 stated that â€Å"the part of Africa which was known by the name Guinea to which the trade is carried on extends along the coast above 3,400 miles from Senegal to Angola and includes a variety of kingdoms. This kingdom is divided into many provinces or distinct. In one of the most remote and fertile of which is called Eboe. Equiano was born in 1745, in charming fruitful vale named essaka. The distance of the province from capital of Benin and the sea coast must be very considerable, for Eboe Equiano had never heard about the white men or Europeans† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum). *Agriculture* As Equiano stated that their â€Å"land was uncommonly rich and fruitful, and produces all kinds of vegetables in abundance. All industries were exerted to improve those blessings of nature. Agriculture was their chief employment, and everyone even the children and women were engaged in it† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum). *Clothing* He continued, Equiano, which â€Å"their manners were simple and their luxuries were few. The dress of both sexes was nearly the same. It generally consists of a long piece of calico or Muslin, wrapped loosely around the body, somewhat in the form of a highland plaid. This was usually dyed blue, which their favorite color. It was extracted from a berry and was brighter and richer than any he had seen in Europe. Their women, of distinction wore golden ornaments which disposed with profusion on their arms and legs. When their women were not employed with the men in tillage, their usual occupation was spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye and made into garments. They also manufacture earthen vessels of which they had many kinds† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum). *Dance and Music* Moreover, Equiano added that â€Å"they were almost a nation of dancers, musicians and poet. In every great event such as a triumphant return from battle or other cause of public rejoicing,   was celebrated in public dances which were accompanied with songs and music which was suited to the occasion† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum). *After the Europeans* West Africans had traded with Europeans through merchants in North Africa for centuries. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were the first traders who sailed down the West African coast. After that, the Dutch, British, French and Scandinavians followed. They were mainly interested in precious items such as ivory, gold, and spices, in particular the pepper (See â€Å"Africa before European slavery†. National Museums Liverpool). References Man, K., â€Å"Who are Native Americans?† Past concepts of Native Americans. Http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/kman/who_are_native_americans.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas Ruvolo, D. â€Å"A Summary of Native American Religious†. Http://are.as.wvu.edu/ruvolo.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/slavery/abefore.asp   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.   Equiano, O. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/slavery/olaudah.asp#earlylife How to cite Native American and African before the Europeans, Essay examples

Practicum Report free essay sample

Thank you once again for your great assistance in the successful completion of my OJT. To all my co-trainees for the incomparable friendship that they became my inspirations in order to strive and pursue with my training. To my Alma Mater, De La Salle University- Dasmarinas as my very foundation in molding my abilities and knowledge in relation to office and computer works. Most especially to my beloved parents whom with all their bestfaces,  the  hardship of  working  hard just  for  me to  educate,  thisexample of my success is a great chance that I will step the victory of  my life. In August 1948, the administrative control of the Bureau was returned to the Department of Justice where it remains up to this time. In 1951, the Bureau relocated to the Court of Appeal’s Building at Adriatico St. , in Ermita Manila, before finally transferring to Intramuros where it presently stands. On September 21, 1972, then President Ferdinand E. We will write a custom essay sample on Practicum Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marcos proclaimed Martial Law. Through General Order No. 1 dated September 22, he ordered and decreed the adoption and implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan. He shall issue, subject to the approval of the Department Head, such rules and regulations and prescribe such forms of bond, reports and other papers, and shall issue from time to time such instructions, not inconsistent with law, as he shall deem best calculated to carry out the provisions of the immigration laws. He shall supervise, direct and coordinate the overall operations of the Bureau of Immigration. He shall implement and/or execute the policies, directives, programs and projects formulated and adopted by the Commission. He shall serve as chairman of the Board of Commissioners. He shall prepare the agenda for, and preside at meetings of the Commission proper. ? The  Board of Commissioners  is a quasi-judicial body. It is composed of the Commissioner of Immigration and two deputy commissioners. It shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all deportation cases,   and perform functions of the defunct Deportation Board. It shall review on appeal or motu proprio the decisions of the Board of Special Inquiry. It shall decide applications for pre-arranged employment,   and requests of aliens deported as indigents to return to the Philippines. ? The  Board of Special Inquiry  is also a quasi-judicial body. In addition to resolving admission cases,   it assists the Board of Commissioners in evaluating deportation cases. It also investigates claims to Philippine citizenship and submits its findings and recommendations to the Board of Commissioners. In 1998, the Secretary of Justice directed the BSI to determine whether or not an alien may be allowed to leave the Philippines, despite a hold-departure order. In 2001, the Secretary of Justice confirmed the authority of the BSI to: (i) Evaluate petitions for cancellation of alien certificate of registration (ACR) by reason of marriage of an alien female to a Philippine spouse; (ii) Review petitions for cancellation of ACR by reason of naturalization, repatriation and election of Philippine citizenship evaluated by the BSI;  and (iii) Prepare implementing orders from the Department of Justice (DOJ) – Inter-Agency Committee (IAC) for the resettlement of Remaining Vietnamese Nationals (RVN) to third countries. It also prepares in limited quantity implementation orders for the registration of refugees processed by the Refugee Processing Unit (RPU) of the DOJ. And although all reports and decisions of the Board of Special Inquiry are only advisory, its recommendations to the Board of Commissioners have persuasive effect. ? The Bureau of Immigration shall have an  Office of the Commissioner, an  Administrative Division, a  Financial and Management Division, a  Law and Investigation Division, an  Intelligence Division, an  Alien Registration Division  and an  Intelligence Division. ? The  Administrative Division  directs and supervises the administrative and support activities of the Bureau of Immigration. It takes charge of personnel programs, serves as a clearing center for all official communications,  and maintains record-filing and mailing services It acquires, stores and maintains supplies and equipment, provide janitorial and security services,  as well as maintain an accurate account of the fixed assets of the Bureau of Immigration. ? The  Financial and Management Division  prepares the annual and special budgets of the Bureau of Immigration, gives technical advice on fiscal matters, prepare and submit performance and fiscal reports, and control allotments and obligations. It maintains and keeps books of account, submits financial statements and reports, ascertains and certifies the correctness of vouchers, journals, bills and the availability of funds and/or allotments. It prepares payrolls, vouchers and treasury warrants, verifies and pays salaries, overtime pay, treasury warrants and vouchers for traveling expenses, compute and deduct insurance premiums, government taxes and other payroll deductions. It supervises the bookkeeping work of the Bureau of Immigration, ascertains that all transactions have been properly recorded in the books; and prepares correspondences on bookkeeping matters. It undertakes regular management studies of the Bureaus organizational structure, manpower and operations; review existing methods, procedures and systems; and makes recommendations for improvements. ? The  Law and Investigation Division  advises the Commissioner of Immigration on all legal matters affecting the enforcement and administration of the Immigration and Alien Registration Acts.