The Madness Of Hamlet And Ophelia - 1296 Words

Ryan Deng Emery AP English Literature Period 6 11 December 2015 The Madness of Hamlet and Ophelia Psychotic behavior is prevalent in Shakespeare’s Hamlet as two of his characters, Hamlet and Ophelia, exhibit madness during the play. The play commences after Claudius killed King Hamlet, leaving him in purgatory. Hamlet, after discovering this fact, feigns madness, which he calls an â€Å"antic disposition† (1.5.192) in his plot for revenge to ultimately free his father. Ophelia, on the other hand, succumbs to madness after the death of her father Polonius and Hamlet’s rejection of her love. Both experience deaths within their families, which lead to a loss of identity because their identities are greatly shaped by their familial†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare’s use of a hyperbole illustrates the profound influence that King Hamlet had on his son’s life, as Hamlet expresses immense respect for his father shown through his initial unconditional obedience to the orders given by the Ghost, who is King Ham let. Without King Hamlet’s presence, Hamlet’s mind is filled with only trivial matters, devoid of substance, revealing his initial loss of identity after his father’s death. Soon after, Claudius marries Gertrude and takes the throne of Denmark. He demands Hamlet to â€Å"think of [him]/ As of a father† (1.2.110,111), and Hamlet becomes depressed, claiming â€Å"my father’s brother, [is] but no more like his father,/ than I to Hercules† (1.2.153). Hamlet’s allusion and comparison of himself, as a mortal, to the half-god Hercules demonstrates the immense contrast in character between the noble King Hamlet and the evil usurper Claudius. Hamlet grieves that he must honor the malevolent Claudius as his father, giving him the same unqualified respect he gave to King Hamlet due to the necessity of obeying Claudius, who wields the power of King. Hamlet therefore decides to put on an antic disposition to rid himself of his newfound identity as sociated with the wicked Claudius, as others, such as Polonius later in the play, will attribute Hamlet’s actions to be caused by a lack of control which lowers their suspicion of Hamlet and lessens the difficulty of killing Claudius. Hamlet, motivated by

The American And French Revolutions Essay - 1930 Words

Voltaire was born on 21 November 1694 in Paris, France, the most youthful of five youngsters in a working class family. His dad was Franà §ois Arouet, a legal official and minor treasury official; his mom was Marie Marguerite d Aumart, from an honorable group of Poitou territory. Voltaire (real name Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) (1694 - 1778) was a French rationalist and essayist of the Time of Edification. His knowledge, mind, and style made him one of France s most noteworthy authors and savants, regardless of the discussion he attracted. He was a candid supporter of social change (counting the resistance of common freedoms, the flexibility of religion and organized commerce), in spite of the strict oversight laws and cruel punishments of the period, and made utilization of his sarcastic attempts to scrutinize Catholic creed and the French foundations of his day. Alongside John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, his works, and thoughts impacted essential scholars of both the American and French Revolutions. He was a productive author and delivered works in practically every artistic frame (plays, verse, books, expositions, chronicled and logical works, more than 21,000 letters and more than two thousand books and leaflets). This essay will cover, Voltaire s life and Candide s production, the explanation of the optimism, how Voltaire uncovered the absence of ladies rights and the unfairness against them. (Cunegonde, the old lady, and Paquette) stories, and VoltaireShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1395 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 29 September 2014 The French Revolution Some do not know what the real cause of the French Revolution was. There are many considerable factors, yet none of them have been pinned down as the true reason (SparkNote Editors). The French Revolution started as a rebellion for equality, but eventually turned out to be more and show the problems throughout the French government. As said before, there is no exact reasoning behind the French Revolution. but there are many possible factorsRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1137 Words   |  5 PagesAltogether, the American, French, and Haitian revolutions in some way all made radical changes to varying degrees, however the French revolution was the most radical of the three. The American revolution revolved around American gaining independence from Britain and ensured its citizens’ natural rights. The French revolution involved the strong institution of law focused on Enlightenment ideas. Social reform is what the Haitians’ focus was in changing the governing of its people. The revolutions of eachRead MoreFrench Revolution And The American Revolution Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful countries in Europe. This all changed with the French Revolution which began in 1789 (Lefebvre 1). The French Revolution dramatically changed France politically and culturally. I will apply Lawrence Stone’s model to the French Revolution to examine how France’s debt, the unpopularity of the nobles and monarch, and the formation of the National Assembly led to the outbreak of the French Revolution. The preconditions of the French Revolution involve France’s massive debt, their involvement inRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1294 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical and social causes of the French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 13 billion dollars on the American’s Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. I will discuss how conflicts around the world affect one another, give a brief history of the French Revolution, and explain how the revolution was fueled by an economic conflict. The French Revolution was arguably one of the mostRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1184 Words   |  5 PagesA revolution is not an event that comes around every few years. In fact, for an event to be considered a revolution that event must bring about significant political, social, ideological, religious or even technological change. Throughout history there have been some very noteworthy revolutions such as the Agricultural Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. Of all the revolutions in history, it is perhaps the French Revolution that remains the most romanticized in the mindsRead MoreThe American Revolution And The French Revolution1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution and the French Revolution marked a change in history for both nations. The American Revolution led to freedom and also their rise to power as their own nation. However the French Revolution marked a change in their government for the worse. Both natio ns fought to remove the corruption of the monarchy. With the same general idea both nations sought to better themselves. Though both were revolutions one nation really captured what they were fighting for. The war did not officiallyRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution843 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution: The event that led to the transformation of the globe into the world we know it as today. One of the most revolutionary events in human history was started by a group of individuals sitting in the Palace of Versailles who decided that enough was enough and that the only answer to the injustices of the ruling regime was Revolution. These people eventually became known as the National Constituent Assembly, or, colloquially, the National Assembly. Over the course of two yearsRead MoreThe American Revolution And The French Revolution Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages The American Revolution was of a progressive nature and had a world-historical significance. The American Revolution had several features that distinguish it from the English bourgeois revolution, and the French Revolution. The first feature of the American Revolution is that it occurred in the territory, which actually did not know feudalism as a socio-economic system. The American Society of revolutionary period did not know the hereditary aristocracy, lords and serfs, the state bureaucracy (exceptRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1051 Words   |  5 Pagesrebirth in French. Revolution- A fundamental change that requires a goal that wants to be achieved, a leader or leaders follower and supporters of the cause. There are many different types of revolutions. Economic Revolution- A fundamental change in how people deal with money and other currency related issues. For example, Europe and many other countries have a different money system. Political Revolution- A fundamental change in the way a government is run. This kind of revolution can lead to

Night World Huntress Chapter 2 Free Essays

The skinhead’s face was contorted, his eyes huge. He stared at her, breathing hard like a hurt animal. â€Å"I know,† Jez said. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Huntress Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You ran fast. You can’t figure out how I ran faster.† â€Å"You’re-not-human,† the skinhead panted. Except that he threw in a lot of other words, the kind humans liked to use when they were upset. â€Å"You guessed,† Jez said cheerfully, ignoring the obscenities. â€Å"You’re not as dumb as you look.† â€Å"What-the hell-are you?† â€Å"Death.† Jez smiled at him. â€Å"Are you going to fight? I hope so.† He fumbled the gun up again. His hands were shaking so hard he could scarcely aim it. â€Å"I think you’re out of ammo,† Jez said. â€Å"But anyway a branch would be better. You want me to break one off for you?† He pulled the trigger. The gun just clicked. He looked at it. Jez smiled at him, showing her teeth. She could feel them grow as she went into feeding mode. Her canines lengthening and curving until they were as sharp and delicate and translucent as a cat’s. She liked the feel of them lightly indenting her lower lip as she half-opened her mouth. That wasn’t the only change. She knew that her eyes were turning to liquid silver and her lips were getting redder and fuller as blood flowed into them in anticipation of feeding. Her whole body was taking on an indefinable charge of energy. The skinhead watched as she became more and more beautiful, more and more inhuman. And then he seemed to fold in on himself. With his back against a tree, he slid down until he was sitting on the ground in the middle of some pale brown oyster fungus. He was staring straight ahead. Jez’s gaze was drawn to the double lightning bolt tattooed on his neck. Right. . . there, she thought. The skin seemed reasonably clean, and the smell of blood was enticing. It was running there, rich with adrenaline, in blue veins just under the surface. She was almost intoxicated just thinking about tapping it. Fear was good; it added that extra spice to the taste. Like Sweetarts. This was going to be good†¦. Then she heard a soft broken sound. The skinhead was crying. Not loud bawling. Not blubbering and begging. Just crying like a kid, slow tears trickling down his cheeks as he shook. â€Å"I thought better of you,† Jez said. She shook her hair out, tossed it in contempt. But something inside her seemed to tighten. He didn’t say anything. He just stared at her- no, through her-and cried. Jez knew what he was seeing. His own death. â€Å"Oh, come on,† Jez said. â€Å"So you don’t want to die. Who does? But you’ve killed people before. Your gang killed that guy Juan last week. You can dish it out, but you can’t take it.† He still didn’t say anything. He wasn’t pointing the gun at her anymore; he was clutching it with both hands to his chest as if it were a teddy bear or something. Or maybe as if he were going to kill himself to get away from her. The muzzle of the gun was under his chin. The thing inside Jez tightened more. Tightened and twisted until she couldn’t breathe. What was wrong with her? He was just a human, and a human of the worst kind. He deserved to die, and not just because she was hungry. But the sound of that crying †¦ It seemed to pull at her. She had a feeling almost of deja vu, as if this had all happened before-but it hadn’t. She knew it hadn’t. The skinhead spoke at last. â€Å"Do it quick,† he whispered. And Jez’s mind was thrown into chaos. With just those words she was suddenly not in the forest anymore. She was falling into nothingness, whirling and spinning, with nothing to grab hold of. She saw pictures in bright, disjointed flashes. Nothing made sense; she was plunging in darkness with scenes unreeling before her helpless eyes. â€Å"Do it quickly,† somebody whispered. A flash and Jez saw who: a woman with dark red hair and delicate, bony shoulders. She had a face like a medieval princess. â€Å"I won’t fight you,† the woman said. â€Å"Kill me. But let my daughter live.† Mother†¦ These were her memories. She wanted to see more of her mother-she didn’t have any conscious memory of the woman who’d given birth to her. But instead there was another flash. A little girl was huddled in a corner, shaking. The child had flame-bright hair and eyes that were neither silver nor blue. And she was so frightened †¦ Another flash. A tall man running to the child. Turning around, standing in front of her. â€Å"Leave her alone! It’s not her fault. She doesn’t have to die!† Daddy. Her parents, who’d been killed when she was four. Executed by vampire hunters†¦. Another flash and she saw fighting. Blood. Dark figures struggling with her mother and father. And screaming that wouldn’t quite resolve into words. And then one of the dark figures picked up the little girl in the corner and held her up high†¦ and Jez saw that he had fangs. He wasn’t a vampire hunter; he was a vampire. And the little girl, whose mouth was open in a wail, had none. All at once, Jez could understand the screaming. â€Å"Kill her! Kill the human! Kill the freak!† They were screaming it about her. Jez came back to herself. She was in Muir Woods, kneeling in the ferns and moss, with the skinhead cowering in front of her. Everything was the same†¦ but everything was different. She felt dazed and terrified. What did it mean? It was just some bizarre hallucination. It had to be. She knew how her parents had died. Her mother had been murdered outright by the vampire hunters. Her father had been mortally wounded, but he’d managed to carry the four-year-old Jez to his brother’s house before he died. Uncle Bracken had raised her, and he’d told her the story over and over. But that screaming†¦ It didn’t mean anything. It couldn’t. She was Jez Redfern, more of a vampire than anyone, even Morgead. Of all the lamia, the vampires who could have children, her family was the most important. Her uncle Bracken was a vampire, and so was his father, and his father’s father, all the way back to Hunter Redfern. But her mother†¦ What did she know about her mother’s family? Nothing. Uncle Bracken always just said that they’d come from the East Coast. Something inside Jez was trembling. She didn’t want to frame the next question, but the words came into her mind anyway, blunt and inescapable. What if her mother had been human? That would make Jez†¦ No. It wasn’t possible. It wasn’t just that Night World law forbade vampires to fall in love with humans. It was that there was no such thing as a vampire-human hybrid. It couldn’t be done; it had never been done in twenty thousand years. Anybody like that would be a freak†¦. The trembling inside her was getting worse. She stood up slowly and only vaguely noticed when the skinhead made a sound of fear. She couldn’t focus on him. She was staring between the redwood trees. If it were true †¦ it couldn’t be true, but if it were true†¦ she would have to leave everything. Uncle Bracken. The gang. And Morgead. She’d have to leave Morgead. For some reason that made her throat close convulsively. And she would go †¦ where? What kind of a place was there for a half-human half-vampire freak? Nowhere in the Night World. That was certain. The Night People would have to kill any creature like that. The skinhead made another sound, a little whimper. Jez bunked and looked at him. It couldn’t be true, but all of a sudden she didn’t care about killing him anymore. In fact, she had a feeling like slow horror creeping over her, as if something in her brain was tallying up all the humans she’d hurt and killed over the years. Something was taking over her legs, making her knees rubbery. Something was crushing her chest, making her feel as if she were going to be sick. â€Å"Get out of here,† she whispered to the skinhead. He shut his eyes. When he spoke it was in a kind of moan. â€Å"You’ll just chase me.† â€Å"No.† But she understood his fear. She was a huntress. She’d chased so many people. So many humans †¦ Jez shuddered violently and shut her eyes. It was as if she had suddenly seen herself in a mirror and the image was unbearable. It wasn’t Jez the proud and fierce and beautiful. It was Jez the murderer. I have to stop the others. The telepathic call she sent out was almost a scream. Everybody! This is Jez. Come to me, right now! Drop what you’re doing and come! She knew they’d obey-they were her gang, after all. But none of them except Morgead had enough telepathic power to answer across the distance. What’s wrong? he said. Jez stood very still. She couldn’t tell him the truth. Morgead hated humans. If he even knew what she suspected†¦ the way he would look at her†¦ He would be sickened. Not to mention that he’d undoubtedly have to kill her. I’ll explain later, she told him, feeling numb. I just found out-that it’s not safe to feed here. Then she cut the telepathic link short. She was afraid he’d sense too much of what was going on inside her. She stood with her arms wrapped around herself, staring between the trees. Then she glanced at the skinhead, who was still huddled in the sword fern. There was one last thing she had to do with him. Ignoring his wild flinching, she stretched out her hand. Touched him, once, on the forehead with an extended finger. A gentle, precise contact. â€Å"Remember†¦ nothing,† she said. â€Å"Now go.† She felt the power flow out of her, wrapping itself around the skinhead’s brain, changing its chemistry, rearranging his thoughts. It was something she was very good at. The skinhead’s eyes went blank. Jez didn’t watch him as he began to crawl away. All she could think of now was getting to Uncle Bracken. He would answer her questions; he would explain. He would prove to her that none of it was true. He’d make everything all right. How to cite Night World : Huntress Chapter 2, Essay examples

Shopping Mode Choice free essay sample

This study aims to explore how consumers evaluate these time attributes; i. e. the value of time, when they are facing a shopping mode choice between physical store shopping and e-shopping. For this purpose, it conducts an experiment to acquire data on respondents’ stated preference choices between physical bookstore shopping and online bookstore shopping. It is finally found that the value of delivery time for a purchased book from an online bookstore to a consumer is approximately $0. 53 per day, which means an online bookstore will have to lower a book’s price by $0. 53 to attract a physical bookstore shopper if the delivery is delayed for one day. It is also found that in terms of monetary values, avoiding a shopping trip produces far more benefits than bearing waiting for the delivery of books for an online purchase. Keywords * E-shopping; * Shopping mode choice; * Stated preference experiment; * Value of travel time; * Value of product delivery time 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping Mode Choice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction In the past decade, the way people shop has dramatically changed. Besides shopping at physical stores, with the aid of information and communication technologies (ICT), consumers are able to shop via the Internet. This new type of shopping mode, coming in different names like e-shopping, online shopping, network shopping, Internet shopping, or Web-based shopping, featuring in freeing consumers from having to personally visit physical stores, is anticipated to greatly change people’s everyday lives. Such a high anticipation towards e-shopping has provoked multitudinous studies on this topic. Most of the existing literature, however, has focused on the advantages and disadvantages of Internet marketing. Such a psychological perspective has been widely adopted in the marketing and information management areas in particular. Comparatively, very little of the existing literature has concerned about how consumers make the choice between e-shopping versus store shopping ( [Lee and Tan, 2003]  and  [Farag et al. 2007]). One of the reasons for this may be attributed to the intricate nature of the shopping activity. It has been widely recognized that shopping activity is conducted not only for the goal of goods acquisition. The appeal of traditional store shopping is multifarious, including social interaction, entertainment, movement, and trip chaining (Mokhtarian, 2004). Much of the appeal cannot be easily displaced by e-shopping, making traditional store shopping still quite competitive over e-shopping. In a conceptual analysis of the transportation impacts of B2C e-commerce, Mokhtarian (2004) reviewed the comparative advantages of store shopping and e-shopping, and conclude that neither type uniformly dominated the other. Because of such an intricate nature of shopping behavior and the relative dominances of e-shopping versus store shopping, modeling the relationships between these two shopping modes has been not an easy task. The referable literature on this issue, from Koppelman et al. 1991) who modeled consumers’ choices between store shopping, catalog shopping and teleshopping, Lee and Tan (2003) who developed an economic model of consumer choice between on-line and in-store shopping, to Farag et al. (2007), who applied the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to model the relationships between e-shopping and store shopping, is appreciably limited. This motivates this study to address the choice behavior between e-shopping versus store shopping rather than e-shopping alone. Another noticeable point at issue is how ICT leads to changes in the allocation of individuals’ time and money resources. It is generally believed that the ongoing advancement of ICT is leading to a reorganization of activities in time and space (Lenz and Nobis, 2007). The ‘fragmentation’ concept introduced by Helen Couclelis means the interruption of one activity by another and the subsequent continuation of the former enabled by the use of ICT (Lenz and Nobis, 2007). This then leads to increased transport demand, as activities are no longer imperatively bound to particular times and/or particular places (Lenz and Nobis, 2007). For instance, e-shopping could lift the time and space constraints of the shopping process, leading ultimately to a fragmentation of the shopping activity in time and space ( [Couclelis, 2004]  and  [Farag et al. , 2007]). Such a ‘fragmentation’ of activities should end up leading individuals to reallocate their time and money resources, and eventually change the way they value time. This motivates this study to address the role time and cost attributes play in consumers’ shopping mode choice behavior. For shopping activities, two fragments of time may be worth exploring further. First, e-shopping frees consumers from having to go in person to the shopping place, and as a result saves them travel time. Second, e-shopping requires consumers to wait for the product delivery after online purchases, and as a result generates waiting time for delivery (or product delivery time).

Video Games Effect On Heart Essays (1299 words) - Hypertension

Video Games Effect On Heart In order to determine the effects of video games on the heart, we must look at several different things. First, we must determine which specific areas we want to investigate. Looking at increased heart rate and blood pressure, we need to determine the average maximum heart rate for the age group being tested. We must determine what factors can cause one's heart rate to increase, and we must look at the current studies in regard to the various social effects of video and other electronic games. The main way that we increase our heart rate is through exercise, and even then health care professionals recognize the importance of pacing yourself. In order to pace yourself, you must determine your target heart rate. To do this, you must measure your pulse periodically as you exercise and stay within 50 to 75 percent of you maximum heart rate. A simple rule of thumb is if you can talk and walk at the same time, you are not working too hard. If you can sing and maintain your level of effort, you are probably not working hard enough. If you get out of breath quickly, you are probably working too hard, especially if you have to stop and catch your breath. The target heart rate chart is broken down from twenty years of age to seventy years. The target heart rate zone of fifty to seventy-five percent for people of twenty years is 100-150 beats per minute with the average maximum heart rate of 100% at 200 beats per minute. The second main contributor to increasing your heart rate is through stress. Doctors have determined that the problem with stress is that our body thinks we are still cavemen. There hasn't been time for us to evolve physiologically from the high-threat, short-duration stress situations that primitive man faced to the relatively low-threat, long-duration stresses of modern society. When your body receives a message that you are under stress, it automatically thinks you are going to do one of two things, fight or run away. The body does not know how to temper its response to deal with the week-long pressure of dooming deadlines or other stresses that we deal with daily. This overkill response, in time, takes a physical toll, especially on the cardiovascular system. When you are under stress, you are not thriving. Your blood pressure is elevated, your blood clotting mechanism is working at full force, your heart is beating faster than normal and your metabolic rate is up. Keep it for hours and you will be exhausted, for years and you are headed for a heart attack. Doctors place stress as the secondary risk factor for heart disease. Stress and video games often go hand in hand. During the last several decades, video games have emerged as one of the most popular forms of adolescent entertainment. In the United States alone, video game revenues total ten billion dollars annually. On the average, children who have home video games play with them approximately ninety minutes a day. Some of the trends in game playing are disturbing some observers. A 1993 study asked 357 seventh and eight graders to list their preferences among five categories of video games. The study found that fantasy violence topped the list at thirty-two percent. It also find that boys who play violent games tend to have a lower self-concept in the areas of academic ability, peer acceptance and behavior. The most interesting is the possible link between playing violent video games and subsequent aggressive behavior. Boys aged eight to fourteen are the core audience for video games. Another study found that a series of three video games played under three increasing levels of stress elicited progressively higher values of blood pressure and heart rate. Both the race and gender of the subjects affected the reactivity. Heavy video game players have a difficult time with the regard to discharging aggression, and have a lower frustration tolerance. It has been found that hostility is increased when playing highly aggressive video games and mildly aggressive games. Subjects playing the high aggression game were much more anxious than the other subjects. In one study, the researcher found that not only did the heart rates of the participants increase while playing video games, but also the rates of those merely watching the game increased. The study demonstrated clear differences between playing the violent game over a non-violent game. The study also demonstrated strong differences between playing and watching the games in violent verses non-violent games.

Monopoly Example

Monopoly Example Monopoly – Term Paper Example Running Head: MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION By City, StateDate Monopoly and Perfect Competition According to the principles and assumptions of perfect competition, supernormal profits are realized only during the short run because of two key factors. The first factor is perfect information, which is knowledge of the enterprise and its position within the respective industry in relation to competitors. The second factor is the freedom of businesses to enter and leave the industry at will (Jain and Sandhu, 2011, p. 316). As a result, if an organization can record supernormal returns, rival firms will know it because of the lack of limitations to entry. Rival firms are able to enter the industry until product prices drop. Businesses will keep on entering the market and product or service prices will keep on falling until normal profits are realized. The realization of normal profits often occurs in the long run. The presence of many rivals is what mak es it hard for the first firm to realize supernormal profits again (Jain and Sandhu, 2011, p. 316). In figure 1, the first firm is represented in the first diagram with the product price represented by Pe. Changes in competitor frequency in an industry are depicted in the second diagram, with demand decreasing with increase in supply; an inverse relationship that causes normal profits.Figure 1: Normal profits are realized in the long run in a perfect competition At the same time, many markets lack the traits of perfect competition and the will to enter or leave an industry. Industries with some levels of limitations to entry or exit bring about monopoly markets. For instance, sunken expenses often discourage entry into such industries. As a result, even if businesses in these industries regularly record supernormal profits, new companies might not be capable of entering and competition with them. According to the principles and assumptions of a monopoly market, a monopoly is shielde d from competition despite many new firms showing interest in entering the industry (Jain and Sandhu, 2011, p. 316). In figure 2, the monopoly enjoys supernormal profits between AC and P with a steady output, which represent both short and long run periods respectively.Figure 2: A monopoly market showing supernormal profits in the long and short runReferencesJain, TR and Sandhu, AS 2011, Microeconomics, Los Angeles, CA: FK Publications

Use of Phrasal Verbs by Arab Writers in English Essay

Use of Phrasal Verbs by Arab Writers in English - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Arab learners of English avoid using the phrasal verbs because of the level of difficulty as well as to associated with comprehending the tricky complicated idiomatic meanings of phrasal verbs. Many Several researchers such as Klienmann, Chiang, Dagut, and Laufer supported the claims by made by Schachter that second language learners avoid using phrasal verbs because the difficulty that learners encounter when using the phrasal verbs. Since this paper investigates whether Arab learners of English use fewer phrasal verbs than English writers, the researcher decided to compare to two sets of texts from two different writers. The researcher had difficulty collecting these texts because he wanted to find recent articles. The author went over some American and Saudi newspapers such as Saudi Gazette, Arab news, Asharq Alawsat, Yew New York Post, the Daily Time and the CNN. The researcher finally decided to choose two writers from a Saudi newspaper and another on e from the CNN. The first writer is a Saudi writer, named Mshari Al-Zaydi who writes political articles in Asharq Alawsat Saudi newspaper and the other writer is an American writer, named Peter Hamby, who also writes political articles in the CNN. The researcher collected 10 articles written by Mshari Al-Zaydi and other 10 written by Peter Hamby. The length of the chosen articles length varied from 400 to 800 words which were later on edited to an approximate 300 words article.

Movie analysing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Movie analysing - Essay Example When the archbishop went to get the sacrament to protect it, the soldier fired at the crucifix and the altar instead of letting him in quietly. Such rudeness desecrated the church because the place of worship has become a place of violence. In order to re-claim and re-establish the sacredness of the church, the archbishop has to take over through the power vested upon him as a leader of the church via a peaceful entry back to the church. He has to do this with the help of the churchgoers. Moreover, the word of God should again be preached in the space so that there would be sanctification of the place once again as it becomes a place of security and peace. The troublesome elements must be expelled from the church to thwart further disturbances. When we say that the church is an institution, we mean that it is like any other organized group wherein there are leaders to govern the people and activities of the church as well as rules and regulations to follow. Since the church deals wit h people, there has to be an organized manner to handle the affairs of the church. Moreover, the church necessarily deals with other institutions like political and business establishments therefore there is the need for such organization. In the movie, this feature is seen in the installation of father Romero as the archbishop. This means that the church recognized him as the leader of all the churches in El Salvador and gave him the power to decide about matters concerning the church. Such leadership demands working well with other priests. For instance, after the massacre of the church worshippers at Aguillares, the Salvadoran bishops convened about the statement that was to be made by the church. They had to agree on what they were supposed to do regarding a political matter that has affected the church people, trying to balance their sides in order not to step in other jurisdictions but also making sure that they do their part as a religious group. When they agreed not to make any statement about the killings during masses, they showed how they act similarly with non-religious institutions, making decisions considering other factors that may put the church in danger or question. Such is collegiality. The bishops showed that there is unity among them. Although there were differing opinions about the matter at hand, respect about different ideas was held and everyone’s reaction was taken into consideration. They all voted for what they wanted to do and they carried on what the majority wanted. In this first convention, Romero upheld collegiality in the church as an institution by being open to considerations. However, after the death of his friend, father Grande, the archbishop decided on a single mass at the cathedral which the bishops did not agree with. As usual, there were different opinions from the group. Some opposed Romero’s decision arguing that the action he plans to take will be misinterpreted as a political statement when the churc h’s job was only to preach the gospel. However, Romero said he is not trying to do so. His word was implemented without the agreement of the majority. This showed how the archbishop critiqued the institution. The church is said to be a â€Å"proclaiming people† when it stands for the rights of the people, acting as a voice for the silenced poor. As the leader of the church, the archbishop or any other powerful authority in the church must do the proclaiming. This act should not just be limited

Cross Platform Mobile and Web Widgets installation Thesis

Cross Platform Mobile and Web Widgets installation - Thesis Example re has been a need of a framework that could allow for client-based cross-platform widgets or application, thus removing restrictions imposed by server and allowing for more powerful web applications or widgets to be used by a website user. In this research, an attempt has been made to develop a client-based framework that can allow a web widget to be installed and run on any client platform, thus allowing the web widget to modify and display the information sent by the web server in a way that is more comprehensible and productive to the user. As part of this research, a prototype framework has been successfully developed for Android operating system. This framework consists of three components which are the micro engine, the Event Hook and the browser plug-in. Dalvik VM for the Android operating system has been modified to run on an x86 architecture system. It is then utilized to run the web widget or application making it accessible for the user from within the browser. The successfully development and demonstration of the framework shows that client-based multi-platform applications or widgets are certainly possible. The framework itself is a first, since no attempts to develop such type of framework were made. Hence, it is expected that this research will open up a new area for web widget development and form the basis of a large number of future researches. Computer-mediated communication and decision-making applications for teams are extremely varied and ubiquitous, ranging from e-mail to shared bulletin boards for classrooms to remote conferencing. As the potential to put these applications onto the Web becomes better exploited, computer-mediated communication and coordination of teams of individuals will become even more widespread. Although the Web is normally thought of as an individual-to-mass form of communication, it actually has a great deal of potential to serve team collaboration. This is largely due to the cross-platform nature of Web design.

Examining The Sexual Assault Criminology Essay

Examining The Sexual Assault Criminology Essay When someone hears the words sex offender or sexual assault, the typical response is fear. The atrocious acts carried out by some sex offenders are very hard for the public to understand, and present society with complex challenges. Society often finds it easier to turn a blind eye to the crime, lock up the offender and throw away the key than attempt to address the challenge appropriately. There is a lack of public understanding toward sex offenders for the most part. This paper is intended to not only try to explain the psychology of the sexual offender but to also dispel the myth of the untreatable sex offender, and provide conclusive evidence that sex offender treatment is not only possible but to a large extent is successful in reducing the recidivism of sex offenders. Treatment and rehabilitation have been central to the development of criminal justice policy, and have played an important role in the development of criminology. In recent years punishment and retribution have at tracted more attention than rehabilitation, but there has been a resurgence of interest in treatment and rehabilitation, with indications that some things do work, and an emphasis on evidence-based policy making. It is also the belief of many that a penal policy without an adequate treatment strategy is unjust and a denial of human rights. Sexual Offenders There are three types of sex offenders determined by the courts who have to report to the sheriff. In an effort to decrease the incidence of sexual assault, legislators have passed regulatory laws aimed at reducing recidivism among convicted sexual offenders. As a result, sex offenders living in the United States are bound by multiple policies, including registration, community notification, monitoring via a global positioning system, civil commitment, and residency, loitering, and Internet restrictions (Bonnar-Kidd, 2010). First is the Sexually Oriented Offenders. No community notification is needed, but the offender must report to law enforcement for a given time, usually ten years. Next is the Habitual Sex Offender. If directed by the Court, law enforcement may notify the community and the offender must report annually for usually a set twenty years. Finally is the Sexual Predators whose guidelines are much stricter. Unless a Judge terminates the sexual predator title, the offende r must verify their residence every ninety days and law enforcement is required to notify the community in which the offender lives that they do indeed have a sexual offender in the area. Among those that need to be notified are neighbors within a 1000 foot radius of the offenders residence, school superintendents, day care operators, and local law enforcement. Different Types of Sexual Offenders Of the three groups, incest child molesters were the least likely to sexually recidivate, at a rate of 8.4% (Hanson, 2001). This finding carries with it many important implications for treatment. Since the rate is relatively low, it has traditionally been believed that the best form of treatment for incest child molesters is a minimally intrusive form of therapy that reduces sexual recidivism According to Hansons study (2001); rapists were the second most likely group of sex offenders to sexually recidivate, at a rate of 17.1%. Most research done on rapists indicates that they are a distinct group of offenders who are distinguishable from child molesters. For instance, rapists tend to be younger than child molesters, each having average ages of 32.1 and 38, respectively (Hanson, 2001). More importantly, a meta-analysis of sex offender treatment programs found that rapists were more likely to recidivate non-sexually than were child molesters (Hanson Bussiere, 1996). In fact, it has been noted that rapists share more characteristics with the general criminal population than do child molesters. Characteristics that identify general criminals, such as prior criminal records and antisocial personality, are similar to characteristics that identify rapists. Furthermore, research has found that rapists are more likely than are child molesters to breach their conditional release. In one sample of 132 subjects who were conditionally released, 40.7% of rapists breached, while only 25% of child molesters did so (Barbaree, Seto Maric, 1996). Of the three groups of sex offenders classified by Hanson (2001), the highest rate of sexual recidivism (19.5%) was recorded for non-incest child molesters. These offenders are at significant risk of reoffending throughout their lives (Hanson, Steffy Gauthier, 1992). A research study that illustrates this point examined the long term recidivism of child molesters. In the study, these offenders were classified into three groups: a treated group; control group one; and control group two. Both control groups were used to control for cohort effects. A total of 197 child molesters, a majority of them being non-incest child molesters, released from Canadian correctional facilities between 1958 and 1974 were tracked over an extensive period of time (31 years for control group one offenders). Results showed that 42% of the total sample was reconvicted for a sexual and/or violent offence. The long term risk of recidivism for non-incest child molesters is based on the fact that 10% of the tot al sample was reconvicted between 10 and 31 years after release. Causes of Sexual Offenses These theories suggest that there are factors at the individual level that contribute to the likelihood of a person committing sexually violent acts. The variables that have been explored in the research range from biological factors to personality characteristics to attitudes and beliefs. 1. Evolution It is suggested within this theory; strategies that have successfully reproduced our ancestors have resulted in the differences between men and women in current human mating. This is an often debated theory which is not widely accepted amongst those in this field. An example why could be that evolutionary theories do not address the large number of assaults regarding oral/anal penetration or of those involving same sex or those who are prepubescent. Those who tend to favor the evolutionary explanations for modern behavior even tend to acknowledge that sexual assault cannot be blamed on evolution alone. 2. Physiology and Neurophysiology The cause of sexual assault may be found in hormones and other chemicals in the body, as well as head traumas or brain abnormalities. Researchers in this area have found a correlation between testosterone levels in humans and aggression However, it is still not clear if it is whether the testosterone levels lead to aggressive behavior or rise as a result of aggressive behavior. Trauma and violence have been proven to have effects on neurotransmitters, brain function, and hormones. Studies examining brain injuries and abnormalities suggest trauma and violence can lead to an increase in battering behavior, as well as other violent or impulsive acts. 3. Alcohol Considerable evidence links alcohol and physical aggression. Alcohol use is involved in up to 75% of acquaintance rapes. Alcohol affects mens perception of womens sexual intent. Many men perceive alcohol as a sexual cue; thus, alcohol increases the likelihood that friendliness will be misperceived as sexual intent and that a man will feel comfortable forcing sex after misperceiving a womans cues. In short, perpetrators are more aggressive and victims less effective at setting boundaries and defending themselves when drinking alcohol. While it is very commonly involved in sexual assaults, many people drink on a daily basis without committing a violent act or engaging in violent behavior, as well as quite the percentage of assaults committed without any presence of alcohol. Clearly, the use or abuse of alcohol does not entirely account for the incidence of sexual assault in our society. 4. Psychopathology and Personality Traits Men who rape have been diagnosed with a wide variety of disorders from personality to psychiatric, most often being antisocial personality disorder. Nonetheless, no significant differences between sexual offenders and nonsexual offenders incarcerated have been found within personality tests. The degree of involvement in sexually coercive behavior appears to be related to personality measures of irresponsibility, a lack of social conscience, and a value orientation legitimizing aggression, particularly against women. Investigators have concluded that sexual aggression is determined by many factors. In fact, it has been said that the personality profile of convicted rapists more closely matches the personality profile of men in the general population than any other set of felons. 5. Attitudes and Gender Schemas Sexually aggressive men are more likely to believe myths about rape and that use of interpersonal violence is an effective strategy for resolving conflict than are non-aggressive men. These sorts of beliefs may serve as rationalizations for sexual offenders, allowing them to imagine their victims wanted or deserved the sexual acts forced upon them. Once men have developed attitudes that support violence against women, they are likely to misconstrue ambiguous evidence as a confirmation of what they already believed. Acceptance of rape myths is strongly related to adversarial sexual beliefs, tolerance of interpersonal violence, and gender role stereotyping. 6. Sex and Power Motives Research has confirmed that anger and power are the biggest motivating factors in a rapists rationalizations for sexual aggression than sexual desires are. And sexually aggressive men openly admit that their sexual fantasies are aggressive and sadistic. 7. Relationship Context The stage of relationship between a man and a woman may affect the probability of violence. Some research suggests that men who rape on first or second dates may have similarities to stranger rapists, while men who rape early in what otherwise appears to be a developing relationship may simply misperceive their partners intent. Variables that appear to be risk factors are the mans initiating the date, paying all the expenses, and driving; miscommunication about sex; heavy alcohol or drug use; parking; and mens acceptance of traditional sex roles, interpersonal violence, adversarial attitudes about relationships, and rape myths. Societal Influences Another body of theories suggests that socio-cultural factors contribute to the occurrence of sexual violence. These theories suggest that our society tacitly accepts and encourages sexual violence through expectations and cultural morà ©s, which are transmitted through our history, families, media and institutions. 8. History The history of our societys understanding of sexual violence has its roots in English property law. Rape entered the law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as a property crime of man against man. Woman, of course, was viewed as the property.1 The law assumed marriage vows implied consent to sexual relations, and men were permitted to use whatever force necessary to gain sexual access to their wives. The issue of sexual assault would not enter the consciousness of the U.S. public until the feminist movement of the 1960s. Feminists saw rape as a mechanism for maintaining patriarchy, a violent means of inducing fear in women and reinforcing their subordination to men. This perspective has shaped the way our culture defines and understands sexual assault today. 9. Family Sexual violence endures in human societies, according to this paradigm, because it is modeled by influential members of our society and has positive results for the perpetrator. Children who are exposed to violence between their parents are more likely to be involved in violent intimate relationships as adults. The structure of the family seems to have an impact on the attitudes and behaviors of children raised in them. Violent sex offenders have been found to be more likely than other adults to have experienced poor parental child-rearing, poor supervision, physical abuse, neglect, and separations from their parents. 10. Sexual Expectations and Rape Myths Expectations transmitted by our culture typically encourage men to feel superior, entitled, and that they should be always on the lookout for and ready to initiate sex in their relationships with women. At the same time, these sexual scripts teach women to feel responsible for setting the limits and pace of sexual contact in their relationships with men. Rape myths typically deny the existence of sexual assault, excuse it, and minimize the seriousness of its effects. Acceptance of rape myths is correlated with sexually aggressive behavior. 11. Cultural Mores Studies by anthropologists demonstrate the critical role that socio-cultural mores play in defining and promoting violence against women. Cultures differ in the amount of intimate partner violence, as well as the acceptability of this violence. Nearly all societies tolerate rape and have mechanisms that perpetuate violence. 12. Media From the early days of the modern womens movement, feminists contended that pornography encouraged sexual aggression towards women by portraying them as nothing more than sex objects, a view that is supported in the research. It is depictions of violence against women, rather than sexually graphic material that encourage acceptance of violence and callousness toward women who are its victims. Television and movies often send the message that violence works. 13. Schools and Other Influences Schools contribute to socialization supportive of violent behavior when they reinforce sex role stereotypes and attitudes that condone the use of violence. Participation in team sports may increase the risk of sexual aggression. Peers are more influential in shaping individual behavior than biology, personality, family, religion, or culture. Treatment of Sex Offenders Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy A weekly cognitive/behavioral group therapy session is offered to allow offenders to deal with their offence patterns, in order to prevent further offences. The session is based on the premise that sexual offending is fantasy driven behavior and, as such, offenders are required to record and discuss their sexual fantasies. The offenders record data in fantasy logs detailing the number and content of their sexual fantasies. The number of fantasies that the youths were able to stop, masturbatory frequency and the frequency and effectiveness of prevention strategies are also recorded in the fantasy journal. Then, information given by the offender is analyzed, in order to uncover and appropriately deal with cognitive distortions that permit and reinforce deviant fantasies. Deviant fantasies are discouraged, and appropriate sexual fantasies are encouraged. Psychotherapy The second type of treatment provided at Counterpoint House is psychotherapy, which is also offered in a group counseling setting once a week. These spontaneous, non-agenda driven group is based on the idea that sex offenders live secret lives, and are often victims of sexual abuse themselves. For example, Aylwin, et. al. (in press) found that among 103 adolescent child molesters, 77.9% were sexually abused at some point in their lives. The Counterpoint House Program acknowledges this correlation and attempts to address issues surrounding sexual abuse while treating adolescent sex offenders. The theme of the psychotherapy group is getting out the secrets, and success in the group is measured by an offenders participation, personal disclosure, ability to discuss sexual offending issues knowledgeably and ability to provide insight into personal and other group member issues. It has been noted by Counterpoint House staff that the psychotherapy group is where offenders in the program lea rn to trust and feel support, often for the first time. From this sense of trust and support, offenders are able to disclose relevant issues about themselves, and help treatment efforts progress with more ease. Furthermore, issues brought up in the psychotherapy group are followed up in individual counseling sessions that are carried out on an ongoing basis by most staff members involved in the Counterpoint House Program. Also, issues raised in individual counseling sessions are often later disclosed in the group sessions, so that the offender can gain the benefit of his peers insights into the issues and obtain necessary support. Skills Therapy Skills therapy is divided into three eight week sections that include: anger management, relapse prevention and psychosexual education. The anger management component assumes that sex offenders have anger management difficulties, and that sexual offences are one of the manifestations of this misplaced anger. Counterpoint House staff have developed their own program for addressing anger management of adolescent sex offenders, that encompasses 13 sessions where offenders learn about various anger management issues. Triggers, reactions and consequences of expressions of anger are explored, as well as the presentation of various models of anger. Additionally, cognitive distortions surrounding destructive expressions of anger are identified, and attempts are made to eliminate such distortions. Finally, in the latter sessions, a distinction is made between aggressive and assertive behavior. The main goal of anger management therapy is to replace destructive expressions of an ger with appropriate methods of communicating. Sex Offender Rehabilitation Program The Sex Offender Education Program (SOEP) is a four month program that assists sex offenders who pose a lower risk of re-offense or who is about to be released on a long term of supervision. The curriculum provides information on varying topics such as cognitive restructuring, healthy sexuality, interpersonal relationships and anger/stress management. The Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP) is an eighteen month program that deals with intensive treatment in an environment within a therapeutic community for sexual offenders that pose a high risk of re-offense. In this setting, offenders are offered immediate feedback regarding their treatment progress as well as behavior. The SOTP employs a cognitive-behavioral model within three treatment phases. The main goal within this program is to attempt to eliminate or possibly reduce the re-offense rate and move the participant toward a more pro-social lifestyle. All three phases occur in a Therapeutic Community environment, providing neces sary behavior modifiers that allow offenders immediate feedback about their behavior and treatment progress. Conclusion Although there have been many noteworthy research studies on sex offender recidivism in the past few decades, the factors that are associated or trigger re-offense are not concrete. Communication must be open between the justice system, researchers and Doctors that treat sexual offenders. Ultimately, with the gathering of information, the goal is to avoid repeat offenders from committing the crimes again and again. By studying these offenders, strategies could possibly be effectively managed so that these offenders can integrate back into normal society without fear. Through research and therapy, the goals are to prevent future victimization and a safer community. Strategies can be morphed by following the latest studies into re-offense so that those safety goals can be reached. While you can never know what is going on within a persons head completely, through study and research, a glimpse within the sexual offenders mind can be seen. Since there is no direct link between the amount of incarceration and recidivism, it is difficult to know with certainty if incarceration is truly the best, and main, tool to use. Whether with incarceration and therapy combined can truly change the mind of a sexual offender or deviant, remains to be seen. However, with the end goal being to keep our communities safe and have one less victim have to suffer through the aftermath and devastation of a sexual assault, more research of the criminals mind is an absolute must.

Essay --

Throughout the twenty and into the twenty first century, the world has seen much academic and historical reflection on the subject of the Holocaust. Scholars have avidly debated both the motives of the perpetrators and the inaction of the Jewish race during the Holocaust. Both the offenders and the offended have been criticized in one way or another for s variety of reasons. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen specifically looks at the perpetrators, the Germans, and argues that in fact, the Holocaust could only have taken place in Germany because of the German peoples’ great anti-Semitism. Goldhagen, a smart, cognitive and historically knowledgeable man strives to prove his theory in a three-pronged reasoning trident. He seeks, through his theory, to directly connect a country’s apparent anti-Semitism to the mass murder that directly succeeded it. The initial part of his argument is to look at the Police Battalions and the Einstadtzgruppen, and make the claim that the men committing the mass murder in these military ranks were in fact what Goldhagen calls â€Å"ordinary Germans†. Goldhagen looks specifically at their economic and social backgrounds to make this claim. (Handout; Police Battalion 101: Men’s Deeds) The second part of Goldhagen’s thesis is to equate the â€Å"ordinary Germans† coordinating the death marches to the entire German population: Golhagen takes a focus group and decides that in fact it is a distinct match for the whole population of Germany – something that I will cover later on. The third prong of the t rident is the conclusion in which Goldhagen says that all Germans were in fact, Nazis and bought into Nazi ideals of eugenics and mass murder. Essentially, to wrap up the â€Å"trident of reasoning† metaphor into one simple sentence ... ...explaining evil is just as difficult as preventing it, which is primarily the reason for so much debate on the subject of the Holocaust. Most of Goldhagen’s theories are intelligent, well articulated and backed up with evidence, but this doesn't mean that they are flaw-free. While on the surface his theory of the perpetrators being all ordinary Germans makes simplistic sense, it is slightly flawed. A, it is a generalization to group â€Å"all ordinary Germans† with a specific set of Germans who carried out the mass murder and B, Goldhagen comes to his conclusion and then looks for evidence to support his claim. Usually one finds specific evidence and then after piecing the evidence together one comes to a conclusion based on one’s evidence, not the latter. Regardless, what Goldhagen offers in his thesis is a totally unique look at who was responsible for the Holocaust.

The Rise of African-Americans from 1865 to 2012

Running Head: The Rise of African- Americans From 1865 To 2012, Their Struggles To Become Free Americans THE RISE OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS FROM 1865 TO 2012, THEIR STRUGGLES TO BECOME FREE AMERICANS Brenda Maynard HIS204: American History Since 1865 (GSN1241A) Instructor: Tracy Samperio Ashford University October29, 2012 The Rise of African- Americans The Rise of African- Americans From 1865 To 2012, Their Struggles To Become Free AmericansAfter the Civil War African-American expected to have their freedom, but this was not really the case. Even though the approval of the 13th Amendment freed them from their Southern masters, they were still far from being free. The 13th amendment to the United States Constitution provides that â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (ourdocuments. gov).After surviving some of the most brutal injustices and dehumanization in American history, the African-American people have grown to be a powerful force, overcoming segregation, discrimination and isolation, and have worked toward the equality and civil rights they now enjoy. Before the Civil War, African-Americans had dreams of freedom. After the Civil War they thought those dreams would come true. But in reality things got worse for them. The 14th Amendment secured equal rights, citizenship, due process of law, and equal protections to all former slaves. Blacks had gained control of their own destiny.Now they needed a way to support themselves. But this was no easy task, jobs for colored people were hard to find and discrimination and segregation was high. Nothing showed this more clearly than the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws. Beginning in the 1880s, the term â€Å"Jim Crow† was widely used to describe practices, laws or institutions that arose from the physical separation of white and black peopl e. These laws were created to offer â€Å"separate but equal† treatment of blacks and whites. In reality Jim Crow Laws condemned black citizens to unfair treatment and substandard facilities.Public facilities such as hotels and restaurants as well as schools were all under Jim Crow Laws. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the â€Å"separate but equal† standard set by the Supreme Court gave ample judicial support to segregation. In 1892, Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. He was The Rise of African- Americans Immediately arrested. This case went to the Supreme Court, where it was deemed to be that a state law that proposed that a legal distinction regarding the two races was not inconsistent with the 13th Amendment. Because of these Jim Crow Laws African-Americans was subjected too much segregation and discrimination.In order to keep them under subjection and â€Å"prevent political rebellion and prevent blacks from wielding the balance of power in close electi ons, southern Democrats appealed to white solidarity to defeat the Populists, whipped up anti-Negro sentiment, disfranchised African Americans, and imposed strict by law segregation† (Lawson, no date). The Populists was a third-party uprising that threatened the Democratic rule over the South. To make life harder for blacks nearly all southern black men lost their right to vote through measures such as poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and the white primary.All of these measures were aimed at preventing blacks from exercising their right to vote. The grandfather clause was peculiarly aimed at blacks because it stated that anyone having the right to vote before 1866 or 1867 or their lineal descendants would be exempt from educational, property, or tax requirements. Since former slaves did not get the right to vote until the 15th amendment was passed, this clause excluded them. The U. S. Supreme Court declared the grandfather clauses unconstitutional in 1915, beca use they violated the equal voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment.While the southern states were very anti-negro, the northern states were a little more lenient. Most northern white people and black people lived in different neighborhoods and attended different schools. This segregation resulted from African Americans resided in distinctive neighborhoods, because of low incomes well as wanting to live near other African Americans. It also caused them to be isolated within the cities and towns they lived in. Many blacks separated themselves not as a matter of choice or custom. Landlords were not fond of renting to black people and often The Rise of African- Americans urned them away. Realtors directed blacks away from white neighborhoods. Often municipal ordinances kept blacks out of white areas. Blacks were prevented from moving freely from town to town. They also could not be caught out at night without an explicit reason. Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, The W hite Brotherhood, the Red Shirts, and Knights of the White Camelia generated fear and oppression within the black community. â€Å"Klan members burned black homes, schools and churches as a reminder that blacks should not challenge white supremacy (POWELL, 2008, Mar 09).These organizations prevented Blacks from voting. Because state laws made it illegal for Blacks to own gun, blacks had no way to defend themselves. Klan members tended gang up on their victims. Because of the Ku Klux Klan and others like them, African Americans feared for their lives on a daily bases. In 1871 Congress passed the Force Bill, giving the federal government the power to prosecute the Klan. Because of local law enforcement, very few Klansmen were punished. This type of harassment did not end with World War I or World War II. Many African Americans moved to cities work in defense industries.They often faced violence and discrimination. The president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, A. Philip Ra ndolph, and other black leaders, met with Eleanor Roosevelt and members of the President’s cabinet to put a stop to the harassment. After this meeting Roosevelt responded to the black leaders and issued Executive Order 8802, which declared, â€Å"There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries and in Government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin† (ourdocuments. gov). Approximately 1 million African Americans served in World War II.Here again segregation, discrimination and isolation was the normal procedure. Most of the African Americans who went to war were isolated from the white soldiers. â€Å"Many blacks were assigned to work in areas of manual labor. While a minority was put in combat situations, they were poorly trained and underequipped to fight† (Bowles, 2011). The The Rise of African- Americans Black soldiers were placed in separate units under a white leader. Many African Americans used the war as a means to make a stand for their civil rights. On Feb. 1, 1946 Connecticut Gov.Raymond Baldwin said, â€Å"In this war, as in others, enemy bullets did not single out any certain race or faith. Neither was the suffering of any man diminished because he was of one particular race or faith† (COCKERHAM & Courant, 1992, Sep 28). But World War II did, in fact, change the way African Americans were treated, although it would that many more years for new laws to stop the segregation, discrimination and isolation of blacks. There were many African Americans who worked hard to end their isolation through legislation, protest, and contributions to society. Booker T. Washington was one of these men.Mr. Washington was an ex-slave. He believed black men could achieve a middle class status by getting an education. He worked to increase black colleges that were built during the Reconstruction. He established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. But Washington was a conservative. â€Å"His phi losophy was conservative because he advocated career paths that led African Americans to agricultural and industrial trades, while at the same time he urged them to adopt white, middle-class standards to overcome racism† (Bowles, 2011). Another African Americans who help pave the way to freedom for Blacks was W. E. B. Du Bois.Du Bois was Harvard’s first black PhD. â€Å"In 1903, he published â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk†, in which he openly criticized Washington’s encouragement of segregation and plan of emulating middle-class white society† (Bowles, 2011). Du Bois believed African Americans should fight for their civil rights and not wait for someone else to do it for them. He also believed that a â€Å"talented tenth† of Blacks needed to get an education and seek the highest professions available. Du Bois felt this was the only way blacks could overcome the segregation, discrimination and isolation they had to live with. The Rise of Africa n- AmericansThe 1950s brought many changes to the African American people. Discrimination was still a big issue. Historian Harvard Sitkoff wrote, â€Å"Nourished by anger, revolutions are born of hope† (Bowles, 2011). Anger and hope often do not mix but, for Blacks in America in the 50s and 60s that is exactly what happen. In the Plessy v. Ferguson case (1896) the Supreme Court ruled that â€Å"separate but equal† was constitutional. Oliver Brown contested this ruling saying it was unlawful for his daughter to have to walk a number of miles to attend an all-black school when an all-white school was only three blocks away.During this time the Supreme Court had many discrimination cases to rule on, they were all rolled into one case, the Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In 1954 the Supreme Court made a ruling on the Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In this ruling the High Court said â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public educat ion the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal† (Bowles, 2011). At first this seemed like a huge step forward for African Americans, and it was, but there were many draw backs too.The idea of intergraded schools did not go well with some people. Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas refused to follow the Supreme Court Order to allow Black students into an all-white school. Governor Faubus had a sign posted that stated; â€Å"Governor Faubus has placed this school off limits to Negroes†. After this sign appeared President Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to ensure that the Little Rock Nine (the first nine black students in the all-white high school) were allowed to attend Central High School.These nine students faced many frustrations, isolation, and actual danger both inside and outside of Central High School. â€Å"Despite the efforts of hardc ore, local segregationists and Faubus’ dramatic decision to close the city’s schools during the 1958-59 school year, three members of the Little Rock Nine went on to graduate from Central† The Rise of African- Americans (Wallach, 2004). The hardship these nine students faced was to continue for the African American population. The 60s brought about more racial tension as Black people stood their ground against discrimination and segregation.Often the people that made the biggest change were little known. Rosa Parks was one of these people. Mrs. Parks became a legend to the Black community when she refused to give her seat to a white man. â€Å"Through a single, small act of civil disobedience, Parks became a catalyst for a campaign that would change the nation for the better† (Barlow, 2005). This move sparked the famous Montgomery bus boycott that was organized by another soon to be famous person, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Kings involvement in the Civil Rights Movement made him an icon. King idea was to make a statement using a non-violent approach. Following closely with the nonviolent philosophy of Gandhi (the leader of India during its movement for independence; he was assassinated in 1948), King and the Southern Black Church assumed the mantle of civil rights leadership† (Bowles, 2011). Sit-ins were often the choice of non-violent protest, though many Blacks were attacked by white people and many were arrested, the sit-ins went a long way in advancing the civil right cause. In 1968 Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. He had planned to support the striking sanitation workers in Memphis.His last words leave a haunting memory, â€Å"I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the Promised Land† (Bowles, 2011). The sit-ins were not the only method use to move the civil rights cause ahead, there were the Freedom Rides. The Freedom Rides were forme d by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). The idea behind the freedom rides was to draw attention to the Boynton v. Virginia (1946), which stated that segregation in interstate vehicles was unconstitutional. The Rise of African- Americans Our intention,† he said, â€Å"was to provoke the southern authorities into arresting us and thereby prod the Justice Department into enforcing the law of the land† (Bowles, 2011). These Freedom Riders were met with much resistance. At one point a bomb was thrown into the bus, everyone escaped, but many were hurt and bleeding. Ambulance drivers refused to that the hurt black people to the hospital. The local police made no arrest in the bombing. Like the sit-ins the Freedom Riders gain attention for the Civil Rights Movement. African- Americans moved one step closer to freedom.Indifference began to creep into the minds of many former activists so the Seventies brought a mixtur e of results for the Civil Rights movement. During the 70s African- Americans saw a number of improvements especially in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1972, Andrew Young was elected to the 5th District House of Representatives. He was the first African-American to hold office since the Reconstruction. 1973 Atlanta saw its first Black Mayor when Maynard Jackson, Jr. was elected. These victories were hard won. By the 70s most of the Black Power and Civil Rights Movements had declined or just fallen apart.The growth of rights for African Americans progressed slowly from 1980 to 2011. Civil conflicts persisted on a more silent note during the 1990s as educated African Americans were admitted into the middle class. As African Americans moved from universities and colleges into the upper social classes, there were accusations by other African Americans that, they were forgetting their heritage and they were abandoning the civil rights cause. Those being accused of this included former Secretary of State Colin Powell and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.Many of these African Americans worked persistently for civil rights for African Americans. In 2008, America saw its first black President, Barack Obama. â€Å"African Americans saw a chance to overcome centuries of injustice with a new voice in the White House and a compelling representation of multicultural America† (Bowles, 2011). President Obama promised to withdraw troops from The Rise of African- Americans Afghanistan while continuing the fight. Obama also promised the American people universal health care. In Obamas acceptance speech he said: â€Å"If there s anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy; tonight is your answer . . . because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America† Althou gh many people were disappointed that these promises have not been upheld in the Obama administration, he was elected to four more years as President of the United States of America, on November 6, 2012.After the Civil War the only thing that really changed for the African American people was the fact that they had no â€Å"master†. Segregation, discrimination and isolation were a way of life. Set free by the 13th amendment, with citizenship guaranteed by the 14th amendment, black males were given the right to vote by the 15th amendment. Although blacks were given the right to vote, organizations like the Ku Klux Klan saw to it that they did not vote by harassing, threating, burning and killing them.During both World Wars African American people was subjected to segregation, discrimination and isolation. â€Å"Though many deserved it, no African American could receive the Medal of Honor, the highest military award for bravery† (Bowles, 2011). But with great Civil Right leaders like Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois, blacks started to fight for their rights even more. The road to true freedom was a long one, many years and lives were spent gaining just a small amount of justice. But it has been a road that was well worth traveling. The Rise of African- Americans References Barlow, D. (2005).The Long Journey from Montgomery to the Rotunda Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed For Quick Review, 71(4), 64-67. Available from: ERIC, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 11, 2012 Bowles, M. D. (2011) â€Å"American History 1865-Present/End of Isolation. † Bridgepoint Education, Inc. San Diego, CA. (http://content. ashford. edu) COCKERHAM, W. , & Courant, S. W. (1992, Sep 28). World War II set stage for blacks to activate civil rights efforts war set the stage for black activism conflict created jobs, but few rights WWII: Looking back. Hartford Courant Retrieved from http://search. proquest. om/docview/255302277? accountid=32521 Executiv e Order 8802 dated June 25, 1941, General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Retrieved from http://www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=72 Lawson, Steven F (no date) â€Å"Segregation† Freedom’s Story TeacherServe © National Humanities Center Oct. 28, 2012 http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1865 1917/essays/segregation. htm POWELL, J. (2008, Mar 09). Web extra: Was the civil war a terrible mistake? Valley Morning Star Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/429936971? ccountid=32521 The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Retrieved from www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=40 Wallach, J. (2004). Inside Occupied Territory: The Struggle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High Scho ol. Conference Papers — Association For The Study Of African American Life & History, N. PAG. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012).

The History of Bodybuilding

The History of Bodybuilding Among the obscure sports to choose from, one that the public have the least amount of knowledge about is the sport of bodybuilding. That is the competition with the guys in the little Speedo and enough instant bronze tan lotion to kill a horse. But Speedos and bronze tanner aside, the men and women who participate in this sport are in peak physical condition, training year round to maintain a physique that ancient Greeks attributed only to the gods. When it comes down to it, bodybuilding has a lot of similarities to other more recognized sports. They require hard work, much practice, and a relentless dedication to their sport. Bodybuilding certainly covers all of these areas and is a truly competitive sport.Bodybuilding is defined as the process of developing musculature of the body through specific types of diet and physical exercise, such as weightlifting, for competitive exhibition. From 1890 to 1929 was the first time period when bodybuilding became a commercially recognized spor t and gained great popularity from the general public.Ronnie Coleman 8 x Mr Olympia 2009 Melbourne, VIC,...The first famous bodybuilder was Eugen Sandow, who became known as "The Father of Modern Bodybuilding." On March 28th 1891, the first World Bodybuilding Championship was held in London. Five years later, in 1896, the first European Bodybuilding Championship took place. This was also the year in which the first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens with weightlifting as one of the events.The 1940's to the 1970's were known as the "Golden Age of Bodybuilding." Training techniques were advancing along with the equipment used. During this period, bodybuilding enjoyed more commercial success. Movies such as Hercules, Tarzan, and Superman featured bodybuilders-turned-actors. The manufacturing of exercise equipment was at an all-time high, and pros were endorsing specialized nutrition supplements that were specifically geared toward the bodybuilding community.

The heat energy produced by propanol Essay Example

The heat energy produced by propanol Essay Example The heat energy produced by propanol Paper The heat energy produced by propanol Paper The energy released by a fuel depends on two things. Firstly the number of bonds to be broken and made and secondly the type of bonds involved. Therefore from the preliminary work I can see that propanol has similar type bonds to ethanol, but it has more of them. This means that proponal will use more energy to break the bonds and; therefore more energy will be released to make more new bonds. Also, the greater the surface area and the greater the force of attraction between the molecules, will make it harder to vaporise. Therefore more energy will be released. Fair Test I would like to gain the most reliable results possible using the equipment and conditions provided; therefore I will have to consider certain factors, which if I do not control, may enforce my results to become less reliable. I will, * Keep a constant water temperature at the beginning. * Keep the distance of the copper can away from the flame at 5cm. * Have a constant water mass. * Keep the temperature from which the experiment is terminated fairly constant. * Stir the water with the thermometer before each temperature reading, which will distribute the heat evenly. Results Fuel Mass of Fuel Used Average Ethanol Analysis I will use the averages for ethanol and propanol to work out the total energy transfer and then I will use this to find the mass of fuel burnt per mole. The workings below show what I found out and what this suggests. Ethanol Q = M x C x t The letter Q is the energy in joules and what I want to find out, M is the volume of water in the copper can, C is the specific heat capacity of water and At is the rise in temperature during the experiment. All of these were kept the same throughout the experiment; therefore, M = 100cm3 C = 4. 2 t = 200C This gives the equation,Heat produced. The mass of ethanol burnt is 1. 4g and the relative molecular mass is 46, which I have already worked out previously. In order to work out the number of moles in 8400KJ I will use the equation, Number of Moles = mass/Relative Molar Mass If I put these numbers into the equation to give, Moles of ethanol burnt = 1. 4g/46 = 0. 03 moles. I will then use this to calculate the energy in one mole, 8400/0. 03 = 280000J = -280KJ Propanol I will use the same equation using the same numbers as before as they were kept the same in this experiment as well. This should give,Heat ProducedThe mass of propanol burnt is 1g and the relative molecular mass of propanol is 60, which I again worked out beforehand in my plan. I will use the equation, Number of Moles = mass/Relative Molar Mass I will put the numbers in the equation appropriately to give, Moles of propanol burnt The above figure can be used to work out the energy in one mole0KJ I did not use 0. 4 for the propanol average, because it does not follow the general trend; therefore it is anomalous. If I had included this result it may have affected my results slightly. The results that I obtained clearly show that the propanol did have the greatest energy loss; therefore my prediction was correct and theoretically my preliminary work was very successful in helping me gain the correct prediction. This is shown whereby for ethanol the energy give out per mole is -280KJ, whereas propanol gives out a slightly bigger -420KJ. From this experiment I have learnt that if there are too many carbon atoms present in a fuel then the energy given out as heat through combustion is increased, whereas if there are too few carbon atoms then the energy given out as heat from combustion decreases. If I compare my results with my preliminary work there is an immense difference in figures, whereby for ethanol the energy produced from one mole using the scientific figures is -1031KJ, whereas my results show that there is -420KJ of energy released. Also the scientific results for propanol are -2076, whereas my results show that for proponal -420KJ of energy was released. This significant difference was probably due to the extreme mass of heat loss during the experiment from the copper can, the spirit burner and the water; therefore less heat was transferred to energy. Also average bond energies shown in the data book were taken at 250C, whereas I took my results at a temperature of 200C, which means that a higher temperature the molecules would have had more energy as the bigger the temperature the faster the reaction; therefore more energy would have been transferred as heat after the breaking and making of the bonds. Evaluation I think that my experiment was fairly successful considering the limited equipment and conditions, as I managed to gain a set of fairly reliable results in order to draw a firm conclusion. There was only one anomalous result, which happened when testing the propanol whereby there was a result of 0. 4; therefore I did not include this in my average taking. This could have occurred for a number of reasons these are, The amount of water put into the can may not have been measured completely accurately because of the way the level of the water is seen in the measuring cylinder.   There may have not been a totally consistent height above the spirit burner. The spirit burner was not covered up during experiment; therefore the fuel could have evaporated. The length of the wick varied.   Heat could have escaped out of the sides of the spirit burner during combustion.   The copper can meant that it absorbed and transferred heat well but it lost heat to the air as well. These reasons could have had an slight effect on my results overall, whereby it will have made my results lower than the theretical results, as shown in my analysis. If I were to do this experiment again I would, Weigh the water in the copper can using burette instead of a measuring cylinder. Measure the distance between the can and the sprit burner between each fuel burnt.   Cut the wick to the same length after each fuel is burnt.   Insulate the copper can at the sides. User a Bomb Calorimeter so that draughts can be prevented and so that there is restrictions to the heat lost. The diagram below shows what the bond calorimeter would look like and how it would be set up. I think that despite the problems that occurred I still managed to gain a fairly reliable set of results in order to imply whether the energy loss for ethanol or propanol was bigger. If I were to experiment further I could experiment with a much wider range of fuels to see whether their energy loss is bigger then propanol. Also I could investigate other factors that affect the energy loss from combustion, such as, the length of the wick, the heat source and the heat capacity. In doing this I can broaden my understanding in this section of chemistry. 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Discussion Board 4-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board 4-2 - Assignment Example Marketers of the drug continue to pass insufficient and misleading information to the potential consumers and even failing to warn that overdose of the drugs can suppress breathing and lead to death (Hart & Ksir, 2011). To achieve effectiveness, marketers of Ambien and Lunesta should sensitize consumers that high dose of short-acting drugs cannot substitute the long-acting barbiturate drugs. The general effect of the approach used in marketing Ambien and Lunesta relates to consumers perceiving the drugs as only sleep inducers (Hart & Ksir, 2011). Many distressed individuals have resorted into using the drugs especially when they cannot sleep. The marketing approach that depicts the drugs as good for causing sleep has made societies across the world overrate the benefits of the drugs. Instead of seeking to handle social issues amicably and soberly, people tend to take short-cuts through the use of Lunesta and Ambien that can quickly drive one into sleep. In addition, the marketing of Ambien and Lunesta as less likely to cause dependency has seen increased preference of the drugs among

Water Resources Supply and Pollution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Resources Supply and Pollution - Assignment Example Topology is the study of the earth’s shape of the surface and features or those of moons, planets, and asteroids, as well as the description of such surface features and shapes. Topology is concerned with local detail in general, including human-made features and vegetation, and even, besides relief, culture and local history. The topography of Hawaii islands does a vast job affecting the weather that synoptic level models are sometimes insignificant. Most of the examples in this paper are taken from the Island of Oahu. This island is the most inhabited of the eight most important islands that consist of Hawaii, and since it houses Honolulu there is extensive date available on it. The Mauka and windward showers hit sections of the islands. This is caused by the pacific High which is the main influence on the climate for 50-80 percent of the year. It fuels the trade winds which fade away moisture off of the ocean as they head towards Hawaii. Wailuku River is the main source of water in Hawaii. Chemical and biological data indicate relatively clean water compared to similar streams in the conterminous United States. Due to the channel gradient, the number and types of benthic organisms are low in Wailuku River. The stream-bed is formed of lava flows from Mauna Loa Volcano, and the stream channel is characterized by a series of waterfalls and plunge pools. Headwaters of the Wailuku River flow intermittently from about 11,000 feet on the east-southwest side. In Hawaii, most of the drinking water comes from rivers and lakes. Water in Hawaii is pumped up from subversive aquifers or harvested from mountain streams. Fresh water is abundant in Hawaii; this is because the convergence winds upon the Islands forested mountains (Case 45). In Hawaii, water refuse has been fundamentally relegated to agricultural irrigation and large industries. The continuing effort